Common signs that students may have underdeveloped executive function skills include procrastination, forgetting to complete and turn in homework, and struggling to meet deadlines.

Many first year college students struggle to smoothly transition from the structure of the high school environment to the freedom of managing themselves in the college environment due to lagging EF skills.

Adults who find it challenging to meet deadlines, arrive to appointments on time, and keep track of responsibilities may have underdeveloped executive function skills.

Through the lens of metacognition, skill development and strategy improvement in time management, organization, and goal achievement are targets of executive function coaching.